ü Possessive
Adjective
Possessive
adjective adalah determiner (special adjective) yang digunakan untuk menyatakan
kepemilikan (possession) terhadap noun. Possessive adjective terdiri dari my,
your, his, her, its, our, dan their.
Contoh
Possessive Adjective:
my
books, your father, our class, their rule, his shorts, her skirt, its tail
(buku saya, ayah kamu, kelas kita, peraturan mereka, celana pendek dia, rok
dia, ekornya)
.
ü Possessive pronoun (Kata ganti milik)
Possesive
pronoun juga mempunyai dua fungsi atau kegunaan, yaitu sebagai kata sifat (As
adjective) dan sebagai kanti ganti saja (As pronoun).
a. Possessive
pronoun sebagai kata sifat (as adjective)
My
|
Milik
saya
|
Your
|
Milik
kamu
|
His
|
Miliknya
(laki laki)
|
Her
|
Miliknya
(perempuan)
|
Their
|
Milik
mereka
|
Our
|
Milik
kami/kita
|
Its
|
Milik
(binatang/benda)
|
Note: Jika pengguanaan possessive pronoun sebagai
kata sifat, maka harus disertai dengan bendanya.
Example:
Sentence
|
Meaning
|
This
is my car
|
Ini
adalah mobil saya
|
That
is your pen
|
Itu
adalah pulpen anda/kamu
|
Her father gives me a book
|
Ayahnya
member saya buku
|
Those
are their books
|
Itu
adalah bukunya
|
Note:
#
My menjelaskan car
#
Your menjelaskan pen
#
Her menjelaskan father
#Their
menjelaskan books
b. Possessive
pronoun sebagai kata ganti (as pronoun)
Mine
|
Milik
saya
|
Yours
|
Milik
kamu
|
His
|
Miliknya
(laki laki)
|
Hers
|
Miliknya
(perempuan)
|
Theirs
|
Milik
mereka
|
Ours
|
Milik
kami/kita
|
Its
|
Milik
(binatang/benda)
|
Note:
Jika Possessive pronoun digunakan sebagai pronoun,
maka tidak disertai dengan objek bendanya.
Example:
Sentence
|
Meaning
|
This
car is mine
|
Mobil
itu punyaku
|
That
pen isyours
|
Pulpen
itu punyamu
|
The
house is Hers
|
Rumah
itu miliknya
|
Those
books aretheirs
|
Buku
itu miliknya
|
ü
Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun adalah kata ganti yang
digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa subject(berupa
orang atau hewan) menerima aksi dari verb (reciprocal
action) pada suatu kalimat. Pronoun ini
terdiri dari: myself,yourself, herself, himself, itself,
pada bentuksingular, dan yourselves, ourselves, & themselvespada bentuk plural. Bentuknya yang identik
dengan intensive
pronoun.
Contoh Kalimat Reflexive Pronoun:
Beberapa
contoh kalimat reflexive pronoun untuk
setiap bentuk singular maupun pluraladalah sebagai berikut.
Number
|
Pronoun
|
Contoh Kalimat Reflexive Pronoun
|
Singular
|
myself
|
I‘m going to buy myself new jeans.
|
yourself
|
It’s
essential to treat others like you treat yourself.
|
herself
|
She asked herself why she was easy to be
panic.
|
himself
|
Hendri didn’t blame himself for the accident.
|
itself
|
The cat is licking itself.
|
Plural
|
yourselves
|
Why
don’t you watch yourselves on tv?
|
ourselves
|
We should give time for ourselves to take a rest.
|
themselves
|
The students ate cookies that they cooked by themselves.
|
ü Affirmative
& Negative Agreement
Affirmative
Agreement
Sebenarnya
kata so, too, dan also mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu juga, pula, pun. Tapi
dalam penggunaannya terdapat perbedaan, so digunakan sebelum tobe(s) dan
auxilliaries(kata bantu).
Example:
1.
My wife will talk to him and so will I
2.
My wife has talked about it, and so have I
3.
My wife talked about it, and so did I
4.
My wife is talking about it, and so am I
Sedangkan
too dan also digunakan setelah tobe(s) dan auxilliaries.
Example:
1.
My wife will talk to him and I will too
2.
My wife has talked about it, and I have too
3.
My wife talked about it, and I did also
4.
My wife is talking about it, and I am also
When indicating that one person or thing does
something and then adding that another does the same, use the word “so” or
“too”. To avoid needless repetition of words from the affirmative statement,
use the conjunction “and”, followed by a simple statement using so or too. The
order of this statement will depend on whether so or too is used.
1. When a form of the verb be is used in
the main clause, the same tense of verb be is used in the simple statement that
follows.
Affirmative
statement (be) + and + [ S + verb (be) + too]
Example: I am happy and you are too.
Affirmative
statement (be) + and + [ so + verb (be) + S
Example: I am happy and so are you.
2. When a compound verb (auxiliary +verb), for
example, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc., occurs
in the main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple
statement, and the subject and verb must agree.
Affirmative
statement (compound verb) + and + [ S + auxiliary only + too ]
Example:
Edward should do his homework and Bella should too.
Affirmative
statement (compound verb) + and + [ so + auxiliary only+S ]
Example:
Edward should do his homework and so does Bella.
3. When any verb except be appears without
any auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in
the simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the
same.
Affirmative
statement (single verb except be) + and + [ S + do, does ,or did + too ]
Example:
Jackson plays guitar every day and Jessica does too.
Affirmative
statement (single verb except be) + and + [ so + do, does, or did + S ]
Example:
1. Mark sung “moments” and so did Kevin.
2. We
want to buy a fountain, and she does too.
3. My mother likes traveling, and so do
their mother.
4. My brother invites him to the party, and
my sister does too.
5. They wrote a good poem, and so did he.
6. Fred cooked fried rice for his breakfast,
and Tina did too.
Additional
Examples:
1.
Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.
2.
They will leave at noon, and I will too.
3.
He has an early appointment, and so do I.
4.
She has already written her composition, and so have her friends.
5.
Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.
6.
I should go grocery shopping this afternoon, and so should my neighbor.
7.
We like to swim in the pool, and they do too.
8.
Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and so do we.
9.
He has lived in Mexico for five years, and you have too.
10.
I must write them a letter, and she must too
Negative
Agreement
Hampir sama dengan penjelasan affirmative
agreement di atas, neither dan either memiliki arti yang sama yaitu: tidak
keduanya, atau kedua-duanya tidak.
Untuk neither digunakan sebelum auxilliary
verb, for example:
1.
My roommate won't go, and neither will I
2.
My roommate hasn't gone, and neither have I
3.
My roommate doesn't go, and neither do I
4.
My roommate isn't going, and neither am I
Dan
untuk either digunakan setelah auxilliary verb dan kata "not", for
example:
1.
My roommate won't go, and I won't(will not) either
2.
My roommate hasn't gone, and I haven't either
3.
My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either
4.
My roommate isn't going, and I am not either
Hal
lain yang harus diperhatikan yaitu untuk pemakaian tobe dan auxilliaries
setelah kata "..and.." harus sesuai dengan tobe dan auxilliaries yang
digunakan di awal kalimat, seperti :
My
wife is talking about it, and so am I
My
wife has talked about it, and I have too
My
roommate won't go, and neither will I
My
roommate doesn't go, and I don't either
Contoh
kalimat lainnya:
1. The manager isn’t too happy with the
project, and neither is his assistant.
2. We can’t study in the library, and he
can’t either.
3. You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t
either.
4. My brother won’t accept my father’s
decision, and my sister won’t either.
5. He doesn’t know the answer, and neither
does she.
“Either”
and “neither” function in simple statements much like “so” and “too” in
affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate
negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did
apply.
Negative statement + and + [ S + negative
auxiliary or be + either]
Negative statement + and + [ neither +
positive auxiliary or be + S ]
Examples:
I didn’t see Bella this morning. Edward didn’t
see Bella this morning
I didn’t see Bella this morning and Edward
didn’t either.
I didn’t see Bella this morning and neither
did Edward.
Additional examples:
1. The children shouldn’t take that medicine,
and neither should she.
2. We don’t plan to attend the concert, and
neither do they.
3. I don’t like tennis, and he doesn’t either.
4. She didn’t see anyone she knew, and neither
did Tim.
5. The Yankees couldn’t play due to the bad
weather, and neither could the Angels.
6. Mary can’t type well, and her sister can’t
either.
ü Gerund
Gerund adalah kata kerja Verb yang digunakan tetapi fungsinya berubah
sebagai kata benda Noun atau dapat juga dikatakan bahwa gerundadalah kata kerja yang
dibendakan Verbal Noun.
Bentuk dari Gerund adalah: VERB 1 + ING
Contohnya: swimming, shopping, talking, playing,
sleeping, eating, etc.
Fungsi dan Contoh Gerund
1. Menggunakan Gerund sebagai subject
Apabila Gerund sebagai Subject, makaGerund dapat berdiri sendiri atau berbentuk sebagai frase.
Contoh:
Playing football is my hobby.
Bentuk
dari kata “playing” pada kalimat di atas adalah sebagai Gerund,
yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda (Noun).
|
2. Menggunakan Gerund sebagai object
Ada
dua kemungkinan jika Gerund digunakan
sebagai Object, yakni Object of Preposition (ObjectKata Depan) dan Object of Verb (Object Kata
Kerja).
o Menggunakan Gerund Sebagai Object of Preposition (Object Preposisi)
Formula: Preposition
+ Gerund (Verb + Ing)
Contoh:
We talk about going to Bali for our vacation.
She is not interesting in looking for a new job.
Thank you for helping me carry the bag.
You Should take advantage of living here.
The rain prevented us from completing the work.
We will be happy by listening the music.
Billy is not used to wearing a suit and tie everyday.
Beberapa
preposisi (preposition) lazim
yang sering diikuti oleh Gerund adalah:about, in, for, of, without, from, by, dan to.
|
CATATAN:
Untuk preposisi “to”, boleh diikuti Gerund jika fungsinya memang
sebagai presposisi, bukan bentuk dari infinitif.
Contohnya:
I’m used to sleeping with the window open.
I’m accustomed to sleeping with the window open.
I look forward to going home next month.
|
o Menggunakan Gerund Sebagai Object of Verb (Object Kata
Kerja)
Formula: VERB
+ Gerund (Verb + Ing)
Kata
kerja (VERB) yang
lazim diikuti oleh Gerund adalah
sebagai berikut:
VERB + GERUND
|
Enjoy
|
quit (give up)
|
go
|
consider (think about)
|
Appreciate
|
finish (get through)
|
postpone (put off)
|
discuss (talk about)
|
Mind
|
delay
|
mention
|
keep (keep on)
|
Stop
|
suggest
|
avoid
|
|
Contoh:
I go
shopping with my friends.
I enjoy
playing tennis.
Brian quit smoking.
Brian give up smoking.
|
